Urban Culture free essay sample

What Is urban culture? As indicated by the Encyclopedia Britannica (11 urban culture is any of the personal conduct standards of the different kinds of urban communities and urban zones, over a wide span of time. Urban culture is essentially the way of life of urban areas. Urban communities around the globe, over a significant time span, have practices that concede from the provincial territories. In todays current world, urban culture alludes to a citys feeling of design, music, and lifestyle. Sorts of current urban culture are skateboarding, hip bounce, and tattoo culture.As Eastman stated, Street culture knows no limits the world over. As it crosses the fringes of urbanize focuses, it starts to look a mess less like a lot of crazes or patterns ?and increasingly more Like what it Is: the embodiment of being human. (382) Skateboarding is a mainstream type of present day urban culture that is perceived around the world. It has its own feeling of workmanship, music, and style. We will compose a custom article test on Urban Culture or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Initially, the skateboard was first evolved around the sasss from youngsters who were exhausted and scanned for a superior utilization of their old roller skates.Skateboarding didn't turn out to be increasingly perceived until about the late sasss by Californian surfers. Surfers saw the development and equalization expected to remain on one were like those required in surfing (Davis 10), so conceivably skating ashore could be utilized as a sort of elective surfing on days when the waves were excessively level. This development of surfers to skaters helped enlivened a quick creation in the improvement of the skateboard. By and by, present day skateboard riding and the large scale manufacturing of prepared to-skate hardware has been around for more than forty years in America. Thrasher 12). The start of skateboarding with the assistance of the Industrial upset In America made heaper large scale manufacturing of steel items for vehicle parts, instruments and toys. These advancements built up the main business creation of the skateboard toward the finish of the sasss. A lot of skateboard craftsmanship Is appeared through board illustrations. The principal board illustrations began around the SASS and a few people who spearheaded this workmanship were West Hampton and Craig Stacey, who built up the main board designs for Dogtrot Skates around 1978 (Davis 70).Many of these individuals who began this industry were essentially star skaters who utilized their inventive vitality of the decks of the sheets. De Templeton. A New Deal Rider around the sasss. Is a model of ace skater to craftsman and visual architect in the business. De Templeton has made the interesting character of Toy Machine in the late 1 asss, while effectively indicating his work of art in widely acclaimed displays (Davis 70). Board designs have developed to various organizations with their own convictions In how their items ought to be spoken to. As indicated by Marc Johnson, Design alone says the most about your specific organization (Hooey 34).Board illustrations are just a portrayal of the organization who made them and the skater themselves. Picture isn't all that matters; skateboard illustrations are significant since they are generally the first and last thing one will recollect at the end of the day the item quality, the group riders, the promoting Investment, the conveyance channels, the network combination, their correlative product offering, the assurance strategy, and so forth , 1 OFF give a buck about what individuals think. What's more, for what reason would it be a good idea for them to when their work is Just going to end up a smirch on some square of concrete? (4). Just as skateboard workmanship, skateboarding has impacted broad communications, from attire patterns to video games. One of the primary skating match-ups was Atari Games 720 from 1986 that included the player controlling a skater who might voyage around a town visiting four distinct skaters, each speaking to an alternate order of the game (Davis 104). This game set up the general thought for skating match-ups and has helped motivated other game or ganizations to make games, for example, the Sagas arcade game Top Skater or Plantations Tony Hawk Pro Skater.The mid-sasss blast of the Web brought endless new destinations committed to skateboarding. As Davis accepts, There is no session that the utilization of the Internet is set to increment in the skate business. (Davis 104) Presently, there are additionally many skate magazines. A few names of the most mainstream magazines would be Thrasher and Slap magazine. Thrasher is the most seasoned magazine in activity which started in 1981 and Slap started in 1992. (Davis 94-95) Both present all around educated data about skating just as quality photography.Still, despite the fact that skateboarding has become a multi-billion-dollar industry, its still unlawful in numerous boulevards and urban communities. HIP HOP Hip bounce is a culture that comprises for the most part of rapping, dc-ins, eating breakfast and spray painting. In todays society, it is consistent with the packs rap of Immortal Technique and standard hip-bounce Justine Timberline. It began in the east bank of America from African mood and American soul music. In hip jump music, most specialists attempt to communicate something specific. Most verses are soaked with social critique, twofold implications, concealed messages, reference, and both resentment and humor.Other times, the verses express pictures of persecution and wrongdoing in American and different nations, censuring n ways that call for dark strengthening and the requirement for change. For instance, in a meeting with Chuck D of the music bunch Public Enemy and Spin magazine, Chuck Ads answer to Spin magazines question of seeing himself as a prophet was: l surmise so. Were bringing a message that is the equivalent sit that the various folks that I referenced in the tune have either been executed for or ousted: Marcus Graver, Nat Turner, as far as possible up to Farmhand and Malcolm X. What is a prophet?One that accompanies a message from God to attempt to free individuals. My kin are subjugated inside beneficiary own personalities. Rap fills in as the correspondence that they dont get for themselves to cause them to feel great about themselves. Rap is dark Americas TV station. It gives an entire point of view of what exists and what dark life is about. Furthermore, dark life doesnt get the absolute range of data through whatever else. They dont get it through print since kids wont get no magazines or no books, extremely, except if it got pictures of rap stars. They dont see themselves on TV.Number two, dark radio broadcasts have ignored giving out data. (Caped 70) Yet, the verses are not generally so savage; as Iatric Rose notes, Frequently, the verses express the delight of dark urban life (Haskins 5). Different occasions, numerous individuals accept hip bounce is a prevailing fashion. Accepting that hip bounce is another straightforward pattern that comes and go, yet hip jump began around the late sasss and it doesn't seem as though it will stop at any point in the near future. Truth be told, it has developed into its own industry just as the skateboard business. As Guru stated, M), hip jump is a lifestyle. Else strain, to let out the dissatisfaction that youngsters face on the planet today. Throughout the years hip jump has developed to speak to what's going on now-?the truth of road life. Rap is the oral articulation of this. The device, the writing It will even now stay for a few of us the crude pith of life. Harmony (Aziza-Hashish 1) As Robert Christian noted, Hip-jump talks so boisterously to defiant children from Greenland to New Zealand not on the grounds that they relate to youthful American blacks, in spite of the fact that they may, but since its uniquely crafted to battle the anomie that goes after young people any place no one knows their name. (Caped 300)

Case studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Contextual investigations - Essay Example It began as little organization yet it developed so quickly that, in 2004 it had been positioned 25th among the Top 50 S&P 500 organizations by Business Week magazine. The organization has set itself for instance for different organizations in the SME areas over the world in regards to how to get fruitful in a limited ability to focus time. The time of 1990s appeared to be best for the organization when on normal it had opened another store nearly in each working day. This high pace of development proceeded considerably after its entrance into the new thousand years too. Truth be told it had the option to keep up meager force as of not long ago. The continuous worldwide down turn had additionally influenced the organization gravely like the others. Since 2008, it has shut around 900 stores in the United States as request has declined forcefully. Notwithstanding, it despite everything has a development plan outside the region of USA in not so distant future. Actually, it is intend ing to open upwards of 900 new stores in the nations outside the USA. (Starbucks-organization Overview, 2009) All the time, this organization has confronted a few kinds of fights on the grounds of exchange related approaches, worker relations, impacts on condition, etc. Be that as it may, in the mid of every one of these issues it has figured out how to develop at an extremely quick rate (Starbucks-organization Overview, 2009). There are various elements that have encouraged Starbucks to turn out to be so fruitful. These components are as per the following- Quick development on a worldwide premise: Starbucks had received the technique for growing its market in the local front, yet in addition in the remote nations. This development plan has had the option to make the name of the Starbucks known by countless individuals around the globe which just has brought about grand increment in the client base of this organization. By making its quality in the worldwide market on solid feet, it has had the option to rule the fragment of market it takes into account. It has been evaluated as outstanding amongst other organization to work with and its charming workplace has made the organization ready to extend at such a high pace, while holding its client base at its different outlets. Making of brand steadfastness: One significant purpose for its prosperity is that it has had the option to make enormous brand dedication among its clients. The organization has consistently been cautious in addressing the clients' need and furnishing them with essential encounters so they make an arrival to this brand over and over. This is the reason the organization has been rates as one of those worldwide brands that have made most elevated level of effect on their customers. In 2003, a magazine had considered Starbucks as one of most reliable brand. Its acknowledgment as one of the most effective and most dependable brand has upgraded its image esteem and has made its logo conspicuous by the most. Therefore, it has assisted with holding its client base. The level of steadfastness of the clients to the Starbucks brand is colossal to such an extent that in any event, when the clients go any outside area, they visit Starbucks' outlet to have some espresso that they appreciate in th eir own old neighborhood. Selection of creative techniques for business: the organization has utilized an exceptionally talented research group for creating imaginative methods of pulling in an ever increasing number of clients to its image, while holding the current clients' dependability towards this brand. For instance, in 2004, it presented a CD copying administration in one of its outlets in California. This inventive assistance permits its

Invitation to Cross-Register

Invitation to Cross-Register PSA: This is a really cool guest post by my friend Katherine W. 17 who is course 20 like me and has aspirations of owning two Australian Shepherds at some point in her life. Isn’t this invitation appealing? Step 1. Determine your eligibility Are you a full-time MIT sophomore/junior/senior? Do you have time to drop 40+ min for transportation twice (or more) a week? As a senior mostly done with the requirements for my major, I decided that this fall semester was the perfect time to finally cross-register. Step 2. Figure out which class you want to take This summer, I scoured Harvard’s course catalog, looking for a class that both fit into my schedule and piqued my interest. I enlisted the help of a Harvard friend to look up course evaluations from previous years for the classes of interest (thanks Cameron!) because if I’m going to invest time in making the trek over there, I want it to be worth it. I ultimately settled on SCRB 192: Principles of Drug Design and Development. Other people I know choose to take language classes, like Swahili or Tamil, that aren’t offered here or cool humanities classes. Step 3. Attempt to convince friends to take the class with you Let’s face it classes are funner with friends. The resounding yes’s from when I asked my friends this summer eventually turned into, “it’s too much effort to get there,” “why would you pick a class that you can essentially take at MIT,” and “no.” Oh well. Step 4. Complete miscellaneous administrative tasks   After submitting a cross-registration petition online, receiving approval from my advisor and the professor of the class, and filling out appropriate forms, I got a Harvard ID and email address and was finally officially enrolled! Step 5. Get yourself to Harvard The inefficiency of public transportation frustrates me to no end. Thankfully, I have a bike, making the 2 mile trip a 15 minute ride. I usually stop by a Starbucks on the way there to better face the doldrums that are mid-afternoon classes and have perfected the skill of biking while holding a phone and an iced coffee in one hand. Fun fact: Harvard classes start at 7 minutes past the hour/half-hour, so I have a breezy 42 minutes after my music class to make my way there. Step 6. Learn things Here is a list of things I have observed, completely unrelated to class material itself and mostly speculation: From my experience, the lecturers have all taught from powerpoints, and students take notes on printed slides. In comparison, most of my classes in bioengineering (Course 20) have been taught completely at the chalkboard For this particular course, every class is a guest lecturer given by someone in the pharmaceutical industry. The first half of the class was entirely taught by heads of things at a particular big pharma company, and so far, all except one have been British (n=7) The Harvard course website has really good integration of videotaped lectures. I am unsure of whether videotaping is common, but my classes in course 20 would generally not record lectures Harvard probably has more tourists on a daily basis than MIT, but because they’re dispersed over a greater area, it is easier to navigate around them Harvard classes in general don’t schedule sections (aka recitations) until the first week of class. I am used to having a very clear understanding of what my class schedule will look like far in advance. Luckily, my section is directly after lecture on Wednesday, which means I don’t need to take a separate trip to Harvard during the week Harvard has a lot of bricks                 Every week, my friends would get snaps marveling at how yet another lecturer was British That’s all there is to it! I enjoy this class because I feel like I have just enough foundational knowledge from my previous coursework and internship in pharma where I can clearly follow the lectures and get the most out of it through talking with the lecturers. Schedule permitting, I’d definitely recommend cross-registering to everyone! Regularly getting off campus can provide a bit of perspective on the MIT bubble, and cross-registering has given me exposure to a different style and culture of education that I think everyone would benefit from. Post Tagged #cross-registration

Anorexia Nervosa, Case Study - 2389 Words

1. The case study. Christine is a sixteen year old girl who has severely restricted her dietary intake. She is currently forty nine kilograms and height 163cm. Her mother says she was 60kgs six months ago. In form three, at age fifteen, Christine was removed from the public school she was attending and put into a private school, where she was awarded the dux prize. She did not have any friends during this year as she spent all recesses in the library, reporting that ate alone as she ‘had no friends to eat with anyway’. Her mother says that she attends roller skating sessions up to five nights a week and believes she does this to lose weight. She is pre-occupied with food and is constantly cooking for the family. She does not sit down with†¦show more content†¦Downy hair over the body (lanugo), insomnia and early wakening are also characteristic (Wozniak, Rekleite and Roupa, 2012). 3. Key elements to recovery include patient oriented recovery, therapeutic relationships, collaboration. Reduce further deterioration and complications of the illness. The patient is admitted to a psychiatric ward when the risk of death either from suicide or physical effects of starvation is high (ASEN, 2002). During treatment, as a patient’s weight increases, anxiety and depression may return, increasing the risk of suicide (Asen, 2002). A comprehensive psychiatric assessment will be carried out including a mental state exam (MSE) and a risk assessment. Depression is assessed with Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale or Beck as depression and anxiety are associated with AN (ANZCPG, 2004). Medication may be prescribed in the form of antidepressants such as fluoxetine; olanzapine decreases hyperactivity of AN and may reduce overvalued ideas about food, shape and weight (ANZCPG, 2004). The nurse will monitor vital signs, weight and other tests including, blood tests for deficiencies such as anaemia, electrolyte balance and cardiac function with ECG (ANZCPG, 2004). In the first stage ofShow MoreRelatedCase Study: April - Anorexia Nervosa3467 Words   |  14 PagesCase Study: April - Anorexia Nervosa XXXX Pennsylvania State University Case Study: April - Anorexia Nervosa Presenting Concerns April was a 17-year-old high school freshman who presented with severe emaciation due to self-starvation and excessive exercise. Despite being severely underweight, April indicated an intense fear of gaining weight. She bragged about how much weight she had recently lost, though she indicated that her butt was still too fat. She also reported that she was constantlyRead More The Prevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Binge Eating Disorder1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe Prevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Binge Eating Disorder How prevalent is anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders? Without the knowledge of research, one is likely to think eating disorders are quite prevalent in society today. However, research proves that eating disorders, in general, are not as prevalent as one might think without any knowledge of the subject. Prevalence of an eating disorder refers to the number of cases of an eating disorderRead MoreUnderstanding Anorexia Nervosa1008 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder, with more than 10% of those that suffer from it will die. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is categorized by severe food restriction, excessive exercise and body dysmorphia, which leads those that suffer from it to believe that they are overweight. Anorexia nervosa is commonly misunderstood by the general public. Research has disproved many of the previous thoughts about anorexia nervosa. According to the scientificRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa1653 Words   |  7 PagesAnorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa is one of several subtypes descending from feeding and eating disorders. It is a crippling life-threatening condition marked by a patient placing restriction on energy intake relative to needed energy requirements, resulting in a relentless pursuit of low body weight in the context of age, sex, development and physical health. According to American Psychiatric Publishing of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa, often timesRead More The Effects of Pharmacological Treatment on Anorexia Nervosa1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Pharmacological Treatment on Anorexia Nervosa The Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa Individuals with anorexia nervosa are so successful at losing weight that they put their lives in a great deal of danger. Although dramatic weight loss is the most noticeable feature of the disease, anorexics also have an intense fear of obesity and pursue thinness with unparallelled ambition (Bruch, 1986). Anorexia is most common among females, with only about five percent of those sufferingRead MoreDiagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1631 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2013) or DSM-5 outlines the four feeding and eating disorders as, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, and Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED). These are complex and highly devastating disorders that cause health, emotional, and relationship problems (NEDA, 2016). These conditions should not be taken lightly due to their potential to cause long term emotional and physicalRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1493 Words   |  6 Pages408 Hernandez Illness Paper – Anorexia Nervosa February 28, 2016 According to the Mayo Clinic (2016), eating disorders are â€Å"conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions, and your ability to function in important areas of life.† One such eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. Not to be confused with anorexia, which is simply a general loss of appetite that can be attributed to many medical ailments, anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorderRead MoreAnorexia Nervos Eating Disorders Association1013 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that affects about 0.5 to 1 percent of women in the United States today. (Anorexia Nervosa | National Eating Disorders Association) While, that may not seem like a lot of people are suffering from Anorexia nervosa it has received a significant amount of attention due to the consequences of developing this disorder. For example, it is reported that five to twenty percent of people who have Anorexia Nervosa will eventually succumb to theirRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa As A Pathological Fear Of Gaining Weight1195 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Anorexia Nervosa is a type of eating disorder defined as a pathological fear of gaining weight. In its simple term, is self-starvation. There are records that Simone Porta of Genoa, Italy, diagnosed the first medical account of anorexia nervosa in 1500. A hundred years later, in 1689, Sir. Richard Morton, a British physician offered a detailed explanation of the medical illness and reported two adolescent cases (One female and one male). He describes it as wasting away due to emotionalRead MoreEssay on Family Dysfunction and Anorexia: Is there a correlation?1227 Words   |  5 PagesFamily Dysfunction and Anorexia: Is there a correlation? Introduction Each year millions of people in the United States develop serious and often fatal eating disorders. More than ninety percent of those are adolescent and young women. The consequences of eating disorders are often severe--one in ten end in death from either starvation, cardiac arrest, or suicide. Due to the recent awareness of this topic, much time and money has been attributed to eating disorders. Many measures have been

Animal Experimentation Should Be Banned - 1426 Words

â€Å"The greatness of a nation can be judged by the way its animals are treated.† - Mahatma Gandhi. These famous words still ring true in today’s society as we struggle to overcome the scientific experimentation on animals. Animals have acted as the archstone of human civilization since the dawn of man, from a source of food, to companionship. However, in the past century, we have been blurring the line between environmental entitlement and environmental rape. Every member of the human race interacts and depends on animals, and we owe them a certain level of respect in our society. Animal Experimentation should be banned in all forms within the borders of the United States; prohibited under an expansion of the Animal Welfare Act. This paper will explore the problems, causes and solutions pertaining to animal experimentation. This is a relevant issue in the United States, where animals are inhumanely used for experimentation in both medical and cosmetic industries. The cosmetic industry puts defenseless animal through painful experiments for the luxury of their products. The Indian Journal of Pharmacology states that: â€Å"In the USA millions of animals were used in procedures that caused more than momentary pain or pain/distress, while 84,000 were used in studies that would cause pain or distress that would not be relieved by anesthesia.† (Badyal, Dinesh; Desai, Chetna). These numbers are staggering, and be eye opening to the fact that the American cosmetic industry is harmingShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation Should Be Banned874 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Animal experimentation has been used to test different chemicals in the cosmetic industry. These type of experiments have been banned in many places but are still occurring in countries such as Canada, United States, and Australia (Cole). Thousands of mice, pigs, rats, and rabbits die every year in the United States alone. In this paper, I argue that animal experimentation should be banned all over the world because it’s unreliable, cruel, and there are other options for testingRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Not Be Banned857 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning about animal experimentation. Animal experimentation is the use of animals, mostly monkeys, on research. Reason being as to why monkeys is because monkeys are far more intelligent than other animals. Animals are stripped from the environment and are tested on so scientists can make products safe for humans. The big problem is that it is inhumane. Animal experimentation should and needs to be stopped because i t is cruel, unethical, and not reliable. Having scientists test on animals is cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Animals For Operations For The Purpose Of Experimentation Or Scientific Research? Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesFirst off Vivisection is the practice that uses living animals for operations for the purpose of experimentation or scientific research. In shorter words vivisection is a type of animal testing. Aristotle used animal testing in 384-322 BC(Hajar 1). This just shows animal testing has been going on for decades. Vivisection is viewed as a harmful abusive practice to animals. If their was a way to demolish vivisection in the future there would be other alternatives that would replace it. ScientistsRead MoreHow Do The Contributions Of Animal Testing To Global Medical1309 Words   |  6 Pagescontributions of animal testing to global medical science justify whether or not it should be banned? According to the Humane Society International (HSI), animal testing or animal experimentation for medical research refers to the experimentation on live animals for the purposes of investigation on diseases, medical treatments, or fundamental biology. Charles Gross, a former member of the History of Neuroscience committee of the global Society for Neuroscience, states that animals were used for improvingRead MoreAnimals for Research and Experimentation678 Words   |  3 Pages100 million animals are used for research and experimentation on around the world every year. Apart from all the benefits of animal testing there are many good reasons which support banning the experimentations on animals such as: animal cruelty, selfishness, and danger of using the experiments result. Therefore animal experimentation should be banned. These days, animal testing has brought a lot of issues in the society. The first and foremost argument that is presented against animal testing dealsRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is Cruel And Needs1100 Words   |  5 PagesFreshman Seminar, Per. 1 4 May 2015 Animal Experimentation Animal experimentation is cruel and needs to be banned. It is another form of animal abuse. The animals are locked in cold, tiny cages in laboratories waiting in fear of what might happen next. The animals are being treated cruelly and being injected with substances that the scientists do not know if it will harm the animals. â€Å"Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs and other animals are locked inside cold barren cagesRead MoreEssay on Save the Animals: Say No to Animal Experimentation!1218 Words   |  5 Pagesfor animals before prescribing them to human beings. However, would it feel good to know that every year, hundreds of thousands of animals are captured from the wild and die just because of these said experiments? For many years now, scientists have been using animals for their laboratory experiments to produce new medicines. Although scientists have been using this process for many decades in the field of medicine, it is still a controversial issue for those who are pro animal experimentation andRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned848 Words   |  4 Pages As a society we have failed to notice, it’s everywhere. The animal testing footprint. Aeroguard, Chapstick, Michael Kors, Palmolive and Dettol: these common household brands all have the dark footprints of animal experimentation embedded into it. Each year over 6.5 million animals are brutally tested, killed or harmed in Australia and New Zealand, for many brands across the nation. You may think that Animal Testing has nothing to do with you but the real truth is, it does. It’s unavoidable toRead MoreThe Use Of Research On Cosmetics And Its Effects On Society1604 Words   |  7 PagesBlinded by Beauty On average, 26 million animals are used every year for the use of research on cosmetics. These tests should be banned for many obvious reasons such as it is clearly cruel and inhumane, they cost more than alternative methods, and they do not predict an accurate result due to the anatomical differences. Animals are being unfairly tortured and killed for research on ingredients that people are unknowingly using in their everyday lives. Here’s an important question to consider;Read MoreAnimal Experiments Or Torture?924 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"experiments.† This is the life many animals in biomedical research are forced to live . Nowadays, most of the animal experiments are conducted on mice, rats, fish, and other animals that are excluded from the Animal Welfare Act of 1966. Animal experiments cause psychological and physical harm to the animals with a complete lack of respect for their quality of life which is why they must be banned. The effect that biomedical research experiments have on these animals is detrimental. According to the

Poetry, Post-1914 †Literature Coursework Free Essays

With detailed reference to three poems, compare and contrast the poets’ presentation of war through their choice of language and form. World War One was one of the most influential events over Western literature. The three poems which I will analyse in this essay are â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen, â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death† by W. We will write a custom essay sample on Poetry, Post-1914 – Literature Coursework or any similar topic only for you Order Now B. Yeats and â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† also by Wilfred Owen. Poets such as Owen decided to write very powerful poems at this period of time to show the world what was going on in the war. By these poems being written and published in various newspapers, the world would get to see what was really happening in the war, rather than seeing all the propaganda that many governments showed the public. The forms of the three poems are mainly very different. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is written as a sonnet, which is generally associated with love. This association suggests that â€Å"Anthem† was written as a celebration of their lives, rather than as a poem to commemorate their lives. Another slight similarity is that â€Å"Anthem† and â€Å"Dulce† are both written using stanzas, rather than â€Å"An Irishman† which is written in free form, even though it is significantly longer than â€Å"Anthem†. The rhyme schemes of â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† and â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death† are the same, following the ABAB†¦ pattern, however â€Å"Anthem For Doomed Youth† has a very different rhyme scheme, sometimes using ABAB†¦ and sometimes using AABB†¦ the times in which these rules are used are very random. â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† was written by Owen to tell the world about what was really happening in the war. Most of the poem is made up of phrases describing the torment and pain that soldiers went through during this time. An example of one of these phrases is when he says â€Å"Knock-kneed, coughing like hags†, by using this simile, Owen is conveying to the audience that many soldiers were injured and suffering badly during the war. Yeats uses a similar technique to get the message of bad conditions through to the audience, he says â€Å"Those I fight I do not hate†, stating that he doesn’t even know the people that he is fighting, so cannot have hate for them, even though they could kill or injure him. He is also showing a different tone to the poem, saying that it is indifferent, calm and detached. â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death† is written in first person, giving it a personal feel, making you feel like you know the â€Å"Irish Airman† and understand his problems and sorrows. Contrary to this, both â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† and â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† are written in third person, making the reader feel like the poems are more of a story than a person account of the war, even though Owen fought in the war. There are many messages in each of the poems. One of the most easy to see hidden message occurs in â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth†, line three is the longest line throughout the whole poem and it says this: â€Å"Only the stuttering rifles’ raid battle†. This phrase can be interpreted in many different ways. One of these could be that the â€Å"stuttering rifles† are the prayers that are being said for the soldiers have been saying, however the â€Å"stuttering rifles† could mean the rifles are causing a long and painful death, and this is, in fact the reason why the line is so long. In â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† the same technique is also used. This time the longest line is the second line which says â€Å"Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through the sludge†. This line is saying how the soldiers were so injured and worn out that they â€Å"cursed through the sludge† meaning it took them a long time. This is the reason why the line is so long. The longest line of â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death† does however not follow the same pattern. The first line of â€Å"Anthem† is written in the form of a rhetorical question, this question makes you think about what happened to all the people that died â€Å"like cattle† die in inhuman ways, and just being slaughtered. â€Å"Dulce† immediately starts by using a simile; â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks†, this simile is showing you the extent of the injuries suffered, it made them â€Å"bent† like old people would be, not young people who should have fit and healthy bodies. â€Å"I know that I shall meet my fate† is the opening line of â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death†, this immediate impact, by the man saying he is going to die is very dramatic; it engages the reader and creates suspense about what is going to happen. The past, present and future are all mentioned in â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death†. â€Å"I know that I shall meet my fate† is the airman saying that he knows that he will die soon, this is in the present, â€Å"The years to come, seemed waste of breath† is saying that the years to come seem a waste of time, talking about the future and â€Å"A waste of breath the years behind† is saying that the years gone by also seem like a waste of time. This use of all three tenses is giving the audience a briefing about what happened in the past, what is happening at the moment and what the airman fears will happen in the future. Both â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† and â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† are written in the present because they have a main purpose of telling the audience what is happening, rather than what happen in the past and what will happen in the future. During the early 1900’s many British people were religious, rather than today, where only a small fraction of people keep any religious observance. The fact that people kept to there religion meant that a lot of this type of imagery was put into poems during the war. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† has all the components in it to tell you what a funeral for one of the fallen soldiers would be like, it mentions â€Å"bells† as in bells at a church, but Owen may also be referring to the noise of the rifles, it also mentions â€Å"prayer† which could also be the hope that the soldiers had in order that they would survive and it also mentions many others including â€Å"choirs† which could be the other soldiers. Similarly to â€Å"Anthem†, â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death† also uses religious imagery; this occurs when Yeats says â€Å"my country is Kiltartan Cross†, this can be perceived in the way that â€Å"Kiltartan Cross † is his religion, because it is where he is from, and he has great passion to fight for them, in order that they win. Both â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† and â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† describe injured servicemen in great detail. This is done because the injuries were so great that some of the soldiers had, the poets felt a ‘responsibility’ of telling the public what was happening. One example of this poetic device in â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is when it says; â€Å"The pallor of girls’ brows shall be their pall; Their flowers the tenderness of patient minds† This is saying that there faces were the colour of a coffin cloth (white) and that they had wounded minds like a patient in hospital. One type of this imagery used in â€Å"Dulce† is when Owen says; â€Å"If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs† This is saying that blood was spooling out of the â€Å"corrupted† lungs, making you imagine a dead or struggling soldier on the floor with blood oozing out of him. Contrary to these two poems â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death† does not describe injured soldiers; this may be because Yeats wanted to make his poem seem different to many poems which were appearing in the media at the time. After writing this essay, I have realised that different poets use different techniques to write their poems, making them appealing to different types of audiences. How to cite Poetry, Post-1914 – Literature Coursework, Essays

Shakespeares Classic Play MacBeth Is The Story Of A Young And Ambitio

Shakespeare's classic play MacBeth is the story of a young and ambitious noble, MacBeth and his wife, Lady MacBeth living in 11th century Scotland. When MacBeth is told by three witches that he will become King of Scotland, his mind begins to wander. He considers killing the current king, Duncan, but he soon dismisses the thought from his mind. When Lady MacBeth hears of the witch's prophecies, she urges him to take fate into his own hands and kill the king. With her help, he commits this treasonous act and becomes King. This one murder is only the beginning as the couple strives to protect their power and maintain their innocence. Both characters fail to take into account the vast guilt that comes with their sinful actions. Shakespeare manifests this guilt in the images of blood and disease. Duncan makes the fatal decision of paying an overnight visit to MacBeth's castle. With lady MacBeth's coaxing MacBeth agrees to drug the grooms and murder Duncan. However, Lady MacBeth must go back after the initial killing and frame the sleeping grooms for the murder. Both MacBeth and his wife's hands now carry the blood of the late king, Duncan. "A little water clears us of this deed," is Lady MacBeth's response to this situation. She thinks washing the blood off their hands will also wash the guilt off their minds. Nothing so complicated is ever that easy. Lady MacBeth soon learns that guilt is heavier than water. She is in a state of dementia and believes there is still Duncan's blood on her hands. She keeps trying to wash this imaginary blood away. "Yet here's a spot/...Out, damned spot out I say! One. Two. /...Yet who would have thought the old man/ to have had so much blood on him?" (5.1. 33, 37, 40-42). She realizes that she can never conquer the guilt which is eating her away from the inside. She cannot forgive and forget what she has done. "Here's the smell of the blood still. All/ the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little/ hand. O, O, O!" (5.1. 53-55). MacBeth has a discussion with the Lady MacBeth's doctor concerning her condition. "Cure her of that./ Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased,/ Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow,/ Raze out the written troubles of the brain,/ And with some sweet oblivious antidote/ Cleanse the stuffed bosom of that perilous stuff/ Which weighs upon the hear?" (5.3. 49-55). In this scene Shakespeare brings out in the open his link between blood and disease with the guilt. He asking the doctor to essentially remove the memory of Duncan's murder from his wife's mind. Things have gotten hopless and he realizes this. He is asking the doctor to perform miracles. Things can only get worse. And they do when Lady MacBeth guilt grows to the point where she takes her own life. Shakespeare uses the images of blood and death to represent guilt. It is a way of him putting a feeling into a tangible form. As the play progresses, MacBeth and Lady MacBeth come to realize that guilt is much more serious than they thought. It can control a person to the extent of having them kill themselves.

Top 3 Reasons Why You Should Network

Top 3 Reasons Why You Should Network For those of you who, like me, dread the â€Å"networking† phase of job searching, here are some reassuring suggestions! It’s easy to dread the forced nature of â€Å"networking† or the awkwardness of feeling like you’re fake-interviewing someone who couldn’t care less about your background or ambitions but there are benefits to networking. That being said, here are 3 reasons why you should network. 1. Networking Isn’t Begging, It’s GivingThe advantage to letting someone get to know you is that they’ll remember you when it’s time to fill an open position. If you share some original ideas or have a meaningful conversation about something you’re passionate about- without the agenda of a job application- you’ll stay in their mind because of how well you click.At the same time, you also have an important opportunity to learn something crucial about the person you’ve just met, so that at some point in the future you can help them with their professional endeavors.2. Networking Can Improve Your Social SkillsThink of a networking opportunity (also known as â€Å"meeting someone socially with whom you have professional interests in common†) as a chance to gain three things, as Herges puts it:A sense of what makes the other person happy and inspiredAn idea of the best way to converse with the other person to make them feel appreciatedAn opportunity to showcase what it would be like to have you as a colleagueListening is such an underrated skill- and it neatly covers any uncertainty you might feel about what to say. Networking is noy only about what you can get,  but also about what you can contribute.3. You Can Network Without Even Trying!Here’s my favorite networking experience I’ve ever had- it took months to unfold and some lucky timing.In the course of my regular Twitter use, I started chatting with a musician named Matt; he invited me to swing by a birthday pa rty he was having. There, I struck up a conversation with Karen, a writer and freelancer, and we became friends on Twitter. A few weeks later she invited me to a bowling meet-up, where I started talking with Michael, a fellow Mets fan who was also a social media director. Because we’d become friends, I saw when he retweeted a friend of his who was seeking copywriters for a TV sports comedy show, and I got the gig (which remains one of my favorite freelance gigs I’ve ever had).It goes on! A year later when a colleague and I were out for a lunchtime walk, he mentioned was looking for freelancers on a writing and editing project; randomly my friend Karen happened to cross our path just a few minutes later. I introduced them and recommended my friend Karen for the project, and they’ve been working together ever since.I didn’t go into any of these encounters- the Twitter conversations, the birthday party, the bowling, or the walk- expecting to get a job; but I did hope I’d meet fun people, and it turned out they were people I’d like to work with sometime in the future. Because I was just being myself, I made a much better impression than I would have if I was in â€Å"networking mode.†Professional strategies can help you clarify your goals, but there’s no substitute for getting to know people in a low-stakes scenario.  3 Reasons Networking Is A Job Search Priority †¦Ã‚  Read More at www.pure-jobs.com

Formatting Book Titles in the Digital Age

Formatting Book Titles in the Digital Age Formatting Book Titles in the Digital Age Formatting Book Titles in the Digital Age By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders why he is seeing book titles presented in all capitals: Ive even seen publishers and editors do it, so I started thinking maybe I was misinformed. Typing book titles in all caps is a peculiarity of the publishing industry. According to The Chicago Manual of Style, the practice originated in the days of the typewriter when titles that are now easily italicized on a computer had to be underscored; typing the title in all caps for industry correspondence and interdepartmental memos saved time. The all-caps practice has continued into the digital age, perhaps because early email programs transformed italics into gibberish; typing titles in all capitals insured that they would be readable. Most of today’s email programs handle italics perfectly well, but the practice persists. Many sites offering advice to writers recommend the all-caps approach when corresponding with publishers and agents. Here’s an example from a model query letter on the Writer’s Digest site: I’m currently seeking representation for my YA [Young Adult] novel, FALLS THE SHADOW. Given your interest in science fiction, I thought it might be a good fit for your list. CMOS does not approve, not even for email. Their recommendation â€Å"when italic type is unavailable† is to type an underscore at the beginning of the title and another at the end of the title, as in this example: When I first read _The History of the Siege of Lisbon_, I was so grateful to discover a book about a proofreader that Saramago’s hypnotic stringing together of sentences nearly sent me into an ecstatic trance. Here is the CMOS stance on the formatting of titles of creative works: 1. The titles of novels, long poems, movies, and television series are italicized. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (a novel) Flowers for Algernon (a novella, but still long enough to warrant an italicized title) Paradise Lost (a poem of about 10,000 lines) Enoch Arden (a poem of about 900 lines) To Have and Have Not (a movie) Downton Abbey (a television series) 2. The titles of short stories, short poems, songs, chapter titles, and television episodes are enclosed in double quotation marks. â€Å"Lucy Looks into a Wardrobe† (chapter title from The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe) â€Å"Ulysses† (short poem of 73 lines) â€Å"Deus ex Machina† (episode title of television series Person of Interest) â€Å"When You Wish upon a Star† (song) Note: British usage prefers single quotation marks (e.g., ‘Ulysses’). As with certain other matters concerning mechanics, The Associated Press Stylebook does not concur with CMOS. AP style recommends enclosing the titles of all of the following in quotation marks: books computer games movies operas plays poems albums songs radio and television programs lectures speeches works of art AP does not enclose the following works in quotation marks: the Bible catalogs almanacs directories dictionaries encyclopedias gazetteers handbooks software programs As with apostrophe use, it’s up to the writer to choose a style guide to follow. Writers in search of publication are probably wise to do as the Romans do. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?Confused Words #3: Lose, Loose, Loss"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

The character of Othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The character of Othello - Essay Example He is proud, and a good husband, but he is vulnerable to the vicious slanders of others who resent his presence among them. Othello himself is obviously deeply loved by Desdemona, and he claims that â€Å"She loved me for the dangers I had passed† (Act I, Scene 3), which Desdemona agrees with. He is highly thought of as a soldier, and apart from Iago, most people respect him for his achievements. Part of the crisis that occurs in this play has to do with the social context of a non-Christian outsider coming in to Western society and taking on high position in court and the hand in marriage of a desirable white woman. Diyanni puts the blame for Othello’s downfall squarely on the influence of Iago: â€Å"Othello’s language later in the play reveals his decline from a courageous and confident leader to a jealous lover distracted to madness by Iago’s insinuations about his wife’s infidelity† (DiYanni, 2004, p. 927). It is true that Othello is dri ven to distraction by the second-hand tales of assignations between Desdemona and her alleged lover Cassio. One criticism that could be made of Othello is that he is not a very good judge of character. He is duped by Iago, and he accepts the account of events that he is given, and the piece of evidence in the form of the missing napkin is enough to convince him that something untoward has happened. The way he goes about finding out the truth is deceitful, since he makes up an excuse to ask Desdemona about the napkin, and this shows that he is gullible, and easily led when it comes to matters of romance. Desdemona is a feisty woman, but she shows admirable deference to her husband’s authority. It is a pity that he did not trust her word and give her the same loyalty and respect that she gave to him. The real tragedy of Othello’s character is that he jumps to a wrong conclusion and kills his wife in haste, not because he hates her, but because he loves her, and he has bu ilt his whole life, and his military career, on being a good and upright husband to her. Seeing her run off with someone else would make other people laugh at him, and he is extremely angry, even to the point of cursing her with the words â€Å"Damn her, lewd minx! Oh damn her, damn her!† (Act III, Scene 4). He is deeply hurt, because he thinks she has deceived him, despite all their vows and his absolute loyalty and commitment to her. There is a violent side to Othello, and he imagines all kinds of ways of killing her, with an emphasis on destroying her beauty and emphasizing his power over her. Although this reaction is very extreme, it is also understandable, and even in modern times the newspapers are full of stories of masculine rage being taken out on former partners when relationships break up. It is very human to feel this way, and the audience can identify at least with how he feels, even if they do not agree with what he does about that feeling. There is evidence in the last scene that Othello comes to realize his error, not just in distrusting his wife, but also in thinking ill of other people involved in the story. Even though he is not a Christian, he displays all the features of a Christian penance, asking forgiveness of Cassio, and admitting that he has done something terribly wrong. He mentions the fact that he

Celestial Women beneath a Mango Tree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Celestial Women beneath a Mango Tree - Essay Example One such painting is that of the ‘Celestial Woman beneath a Mango Tree’, an exquisite piece of art with its sublime antiquity awaits interpretation since its formation and continues unveiling the mysteries and social conventions as well as intricacies of 11th century India. The painting, â€Å"Celestial Woman beneath the Mango Tree† is actually inspired from the sandstone sculptor at the Jain Temple situated in Madhya Pradesh or Southern Uttar Pradesh of India and the sculptor was made during the mid 9th Century. This piece of art is an exquisite example of bracket art genre and was used to connect the pillar with the ceiling. Original structure of the temple contained four such art pieces giving an expression of joyous atmosphere putting their glance upon the devotees from four corners of the temple and gracing the minds of the devotees glancing upward with their auspicious presence. The divine lady is poised under a mango tree and ignorant about the monkeys perching on it. The lines of the masterpiece are bold and significant uses of the primary colours are evident. The dominant use of the blue colour with a shade of deep to light relates the picture to the celestial realm. The red fruits and yellow flowers are significant and act as a genuine eye-catcher. The motif of the painting is clear enough to support the voluptuous figurine and the ornaments and the features of the woman are distinct, sharp and also well bred amid the play of light and shade. According to the ancient Indian myth and lore, the laughter and of a lady was held responsible for the blossom of mango. Here the deity evidently symbolizes fertility and in its iconic representation, the deity is symbolic to motherhood.   

Design Of A New Liquid Liquid Hydrocyclone Geometry Engineering Essay

Design Of A New Liquid Liquid Hydrocyclone Geometry Engineering Essay Abstract A Liquid to Liquid hydrocyclone is a static machine that use centrifugal force and apply it on the liquid mixture which will make the separation of heavy and between the mixture components (light and heavy components) of this liquid. A Liquid to Liquid hydrocyclone will normally consist of the three parts Cylindrical section Conical base The angle The key difference between the centrifuges and Liquid to Liquid Hydrocyclones that the Hydrocyclones are passive separators where it capable to apply the modest amounts of centrifugal force, but the centrifuges are called dynamic separators which are generally able to concern more centrifugal force than The Hydrocyclones. Another difference between hydroclones and centrifuges devices is the cost where the Centrifuges are expensive machines because its often need sophisticated control but the Hydrocyclones doesnt contain moving parts and it usually doesnt contain controls systems and because of this it at all so they are lesser cost devices There are any types of a hydrocyclone where it could be used to separate solids from liquids or to separate liquids of unlike density. This project aims to Make and generate new design for liquid/liquid hydrocyclone to use it in the process of separation of light dispersed phases to overcome all disadvantageous of the old designs of similar systems the features and benefits of this design are to include a compact design with high efficiency with construction materials that provide superior corrosion and erosion resistance for longer design life. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Introduction A Liquid to Liquid hydrocyclone is a static machine that use centrifugal force and apply it on the liquid mixture which will make the separation of heavy and between the mixture components (light and heavy components) of this liquid. A Liquid to Liquid hydrocyclone will normally consist of the below three parts (see figure 1) Cylindrical section Conical base The angle DSeriesCyclone3 2 Figure : Diagrams of a Hydrocyclones The key difference between the centrifuges and Liquid to Liquid Hydrocyclones that the Hydrocyclones are passive separators where it capable to apply the modest amounts of centrifugal force, but the centrifuges are called dynamic separators which are usually able to concern more centrifugal force than The Hydrocyclones. Another difference between hydroclones and centrifuges devices is the cost where the Centrifuges are expensive machines because its often need sophisticated control but the Hydrocyclones doesnt contain moving parts and it usually doesnt contain controls systems and because of this it at all so they are lesser cost devices There are any types of a hydrocyclone where it could be used to separate solids from liquids or to separate liquids mixture of unlike density. The hydrocyclone is used in various applications in many industries, from degritting sewage sludge to removing oil droplets from produced water. The governing principles are difficult to quantify because of the complexity of the fluid dynamics with multiple phases in highly swirling flows. The majority of applications are in the processing of mineral ores however, and experience has helped develop a basis for predicting the hydrocyclone classification performance in these duties. The factors that affect performance, both process and hydrocyclone design, will be covered in this paper. The focus will be on providing information that an engineer who is designing a hydrocylone system will find useful. A cutaway of a hydrocyclone is shown in Figure 2. The slurry enters the area of the hydrocyclone called the inlet head from the inlet feed pipe. The slurry is introduced next to the wall of the cylindrical inlet, which induces a swirling action. Figure : Hydrocyclone Cutaway  [1]   This action helps develop the inertial forces that enable the classification of particles within the hydrocyclone. The slurry is further accelerated in the conical sections of the separator. The swirling action produces a low-pressure vortex in the center of the hydrocyclone where the finer, lower-mass particles migrate. The relatively light particles are removed with the overflow stream by an upward swirling flow through the vortex finder. The heavier particles are removed with an underflow stream by a downward swirling flow through the apex region of the hydrocyclone classifier. Figure : Hydrocyclone, Tangential Velocity Distribution  [2]   Figure : Hydrocyclone, Tangential Velocity Distribution  [3]   Figure : Hydrocyclone, Tangential Velocity Distribution  [4]   Figures 3 and 4 shows the mean axial and tangential components of the velocity at different cross-sections in the upper portion of a 250-mm diameter hydrocyclone (Petty et al., 2002). These single-phase numerical calculations were developed using the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, and standard transport equations for the Reynolds stress (RSM model) and the turbulence dissipation. The simulation imposes a backpressure on the overflow and underflow streams to avoid the air core. The Reynolds number based on the effective diameter of the feed entry and the volumetric flow rate of the feed stream is about 200,000. Figure 5 shows the pressure distribution predicted by the simulation. The results, which are qualitatively similar to experiments by Kelsall (1952) and to multi-phase flow calculations reported by Devulapalli and Rajamani (1994), predict a Rankine vortex flow with a maximum tangential velocity near the radius of the vortex finder (see Figure 4). This feature distinguishes hydrocyclone flows from other swirling flows encountered in centrifugal separators. As illustrated by Figure 5, the swirling action of the flow field causes a lower pressure to develop in the core of the hydrocyclone. It is noteworthy that the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation captures the important qualitative flow features of a hydrocyclone classifier. Applications of Liquid to Liquid Hydrocyclone: In pulp and paper mills. In the sector of water treatment industry. In petroleum industry sector to separate oil from water or water from oil. In Food industries. In chemicals industries. Basic Parameters for Standard Cyclone The definition of a standard cyclone is that cyclone which has the proper geometrical relationship between the cyclone diameter, inlet area, vortex finder, apex orifice, and sufficient length providing retention time to properly classify particles. As with the involutes type design, the graphs and mathematical relationships shown for proper selection and sizing of cyclones apply to the standard cyclone geometry. The main parameter is the cyclone diameter. This is the inside diameter of the cylindrical feed chamber. The next parameter is the area of the inlet nozzle at the point of entry into the feed chamber. This is normally a rectangular orifice, with the larger dimension parallel to the cyclone axis. The basic area of the inlet nozzle approximates 0.05 times the cyclone diameter squared. The next important parameter is the vortex finder. 3.jpg Figure : Hydrocyclone Cutaway  [5]   The primary function of the vortex finder is to control both the separation and the flow leaving the cyclone. Also, the vortex finder is sufficiently extended below the feed entrance to prevent short circuiting of material directly into the overflow. The size of the vortex finder equals 0.35 times the cyclone diameter. The cylindrical section is the next basic part of the cyclone and is located between the feed chamber and the conical section. It is the same diameter as the feed chamber and its function is to lengthen the cyclone and increase the retention time. For the basic cyclone, its length should be 100% of the cyclone diameter. The next section is the conical section, typically referred to as the cone section. The included angle of the cone section is normally between 100 and 200 and, similar to the cylinder section, provides retention time. Figure : Involuted Feed vs. Tangential Feed  [6]   The termination of the cone section is the apex orifice and the critical dimension is the inside diameter at the discharge point. The size of this orifice is determined by the application involved and must be large enough to permit the solids that have been classified to underflow to exit the cyclone without plugging. The normal minimum orifice size would be 10% of the cyclone diameter and can be as large as 35%. Below the apex is normally a splash skirt to help contain the underflow slurry. Construction of the Liquid to Liquid Hydrocyclone: A typical Liquid to Liquid hydrocyclone made of a conically shaped vessel this vessel open at its apex or underflow this is fixed to a cylindrical section which has feed inlet at the tangent. The top of the cylindrical section is congested with a plate which exceed through the axial mounted pipe of overflow and the pipe is lengthen into the body of the hydrocyclone by small removable section known as the vortex finder the function of this vortex finder to prevent the short-circuiting feeding directly into the overflow. The bottom of the vortex finder is protruding below the feed chamber. The feed chamber and the cones are lined inside with the rubber or synthetic linings due to the abrasive nature of most metallurgical slurries. The lined material is made from hard rubber such as neoprene or urethane and the apex is fixed with a concentric hardwearing synthetic rubber (See Figure 8). Figure : Construction of the Hydrocyclone Working Principle of Liquid to Liquid Hydrocyclone: The Liquid to Liquid hydrocyclone generally is a closed vessel that designed to make conversion for the incoming velocity of the liquid into rotary motion. This is achieved by direct inflow tangentially near to the top of a vertical cylinder where this will spins the entire contents of the cylinder and creating centrifugal force in the liquid so that the Heavy Liquid will go Outward toward the cylinder wall, where they farm and a spiral down the wall to a port in the bottom of the ship and in the light of Liquid will move toward the axis of the hydrocyclone (see figure 9) where they will move toward the outlet which is exist at the top of the vessel. 1 Figure : Working principle of the Liquid to Liquid Hydrocyclone CHAPTER 2: SIZING AND SELECTION OF HYDROCYCLONES Performance In determining the proper size and number of cyclones required for a given application, two main objectives must be considered. The first is the classification or separation that is required, and the second is the volume of feed slurry to be handled. Before determining whether these objectives can be achieved, it is necessary to establish a base condition as follows: 1. Feed liquid water at 20O C. 2. Feed solids spherical particles of 2.65 sp gr. 3. Feed concentration less than 1% solids by volume 4. Pressure drop 69 kPa (10psi). 5. Cyclone geometry standard cyclone as described above Classification Historically, classification has been defined as the particle size of which 1% to 3% reports to the cyclone overflow with coarser particles reporting to the cyclone underflow. Recent investigations have defined classification as the particle size of which 50% reports to the overflow and 50% to the underflow, or the so-called D50C point. Figure 10 shows the typical relationship between particle diameter and the percent recovered to underflow. The portion of the curve near the 50% recovery level is quite steep and lends itself readily to determining an accurate particle diameter. Examination of the recovery curve near the 97% to 99% recovery level shows that the curve is nearly horizontal and a small differential could change the micron diameter considerably. Figure 11 also shows that the actual recovery curve does not decrease below a certain level. This indicates that a certain amount of material is always recovered to the underflow and bypasses classification. If a comparison is made between the minimum recovery levels of solids to the liquid that is recovered, they are found to be equal. Therefore it is assumed that a percent of all size fractions reports directly to the underflow as bypassed solids in equal proportion to the liquid split. Then each size fraction of the actual recovery curve is adjusted by an amount equal to the liquid recovery to produce the corrected recovery curve shown in Figure 10. As the D50C point changes from one application to another, the recovery curves shift, along the horizontal axis. Figure : Particle Diameter VS. Particle Recovery  [7]   In order to determine a single graph which represents the corrected recovery curve, the particle size of each size fraction is divided by the D50C value and a reduced recovery curve can be plotted, as shown in Figure 11. Investigations have shown that this curve remains constant over a wide range of cyclone diameters and operating conditions when applied to a slurry containing solids of a single specific gravity and a typical or normal size distribution such as those encountered in most grinding circuits. Equation 1 gives a mathematical relationship which can be used to calculate the reduced recovery. This recovery, along with the bypassed solids, is used to predict the complete size distribution for the underflow product. Where Rr = Recovery to underflow on corrected basis. X = Particle diameter /D50C particle diameter. Figure : Reduce Recovery  [8]   In designing comminution circuits the objective is to produce an overflow from the cyclone which has a certain size distribution, normally defined as a given percent passing a specified micron size. An empirical relationship shown in Table 1 is used to relate the overflow size distribution to the D50C required producing the specified separation. The relationship of this table is for typical or average grinding size distributions and may vary slightly Depending upon the grinding characteristics of the ore itself. The separation a cyclone can achieve can be approximated using Equation 2. The D50C (base) for a given diameter cyclone is multiplied times a series of correction factors designated by C1, C2, and C3. Table : Relationship of D50C to Overflow Size Distribution Required Overflow Size Distribution (percent Passing) of Specified Micron Size Multiplies (To be Multiplied Times Micron Size) 98.8 0.54 95.0 0.3 90.0 0.91 80.0 1.25 70.0 1.67 60.0 2.08 50.0 2.78 Example: Produce an overflow of 80% passing 149 microns (100 meshes). Multiplier from Table 1 at 80% passing = 1.25. Micron size for application = 149 microns (100 mesh). D50C required = 1.25149 = 186 microns for application. This D50C (base) is the micron size that a standard cyclone can achieve operating under the base conditions and is given in Figure 12 or calculated from Equation 3. For example, a 25.4 cm (10 in.) diameter cyclone has a base D50C point of 24 microns. Figure : Cyclone Diameter V.s D50 (For Typical Cyclones)  [9]   Where D = Cyclone diameter in cm. The first correction (C1) is for the influence of the concentration of solids contained in the feed slurry. The graphical representation of this correction is shown in Figure 13 and can be calculated using Equation 4. Figure 13 indicates that the level of percent solids is extremely important in determining the proper separation, as the higher the concentration the coarser the separation. It should be pointed out that this correction is a relative measure of slurry viscosity and is affected by such things as the size of particles present as well as particle shape. For example, a feed that contains a large amount of clay would tend to shift this curve to the left and result in a coarser separation, whereas the absence of fines would shift the curve to the right and result in a finer separation. Many other variables such as liquid viscosity also affect this correction. Where C1 = Correction for the influence of cyclone feed concentration. V = Percent solids by volume of cyclone feed. Figure : Correction for Feed Concentration  [10]   The second correction is for the influence of pressure drop across the cyclone as measured by taking the difference between the supply or feed pressure and with overflow pressure. Pressure drop is a measure of the energy being utilized in the cyclone to achieve the separation. It is recommended that pressure drops, whenever possible, be designed in the 40 to 70 kPa (5 to 10 psi) range to minimize energy requirements as well as reduce wear rates. This is especially true for coarse separations usually associated with primary or secondary grinding circuits. The correction for pressure drop is shown in Figure 14 and can be calculated from Equation 5. As indicated, a higher pressure drop would result in a finer separation and lower pressure drop in a coarser separation. Where C2 = Correction for influence of pressure drop. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  P = Pressure drop in kPa. Figure : Correction for Pressure Drop  [11]   The next correction is for the effect that specific gravity of the solids and liquid have on the separation. Since the cyclone does not actually achieve a size separation but rather a mass separation, the specific gravity of the particle is extremely important in determining the separation. It is especially meaningful in applications where the mineral has a higher specific gravity than the gangue material which allows better liberation of mineral particles at a coarser overall separation size. It has been found that Stokes law can be applied to determine particle diameters which would produce the same terminal settling velocity for a particle of known specific gravity in a liquid of known specific gravity as compared to a particle of 2.65 specific gravity in water. This relationship is shown in Figure 15 and can be calculated using Equation 6. Where C3 = Correction for influence of specific gravity GS = Specific gravity of solids GL = Specific gravity of liquid (normally 1.0) Figure : Correction for Solids Specific Gravity (in water)  [12]   The cyclone diameter, along with the three corrections of percent solids, pressure drop, and specific gravity, are the main variables necessary for preliminary sizing and selection of cyclones. Other variables, such as the vortex finder and inlet size, also have an effect on separation. For example, a larger vortex finder size would tend to coarsen the separation, whereas a smaller size would tend to achieve a finer separation. Due to this fact, most cyclones have a replaceable vortex finder with different sizes available. Vortex finder diameters vary from a minimum of about 25% of the cyclone diameter to a maximum of about 45%. The inlet area also shows the same effect as the vortex finder, but not as pronounced. The apex size also has an effect on separation but the effect is minor unless the apex is too small and becomes a physical constraint, forcing material into the overflow. Cyclone retention time is also a minor factor influencing cyclone performance. Within limits, increased retention time would help achieve a finer separation; whereas reduced retention time would coarsen the separation. The retention time of the cyclone can be altered by either changing the length of the cylindrical section or by changing the cone angle. There are numerous other variables which also have an effect of separation; however, these variables are relatively minor and may be neglected for the preliminary sizing and selection of cyclones. Flow Rate The second main objective which must be considered is to provide adequate cyclone capacity for the application. The volume of feed slurry that a given cyclone can handle is related to the pressure drop across the cyclone. The relationship between flow rate and pressure drop for several different sizes of standard cyclones is shown in Figure 16. As shown, the flow rate increases as the pressure drop increases. In order to utilize this graph, the pressure drop used for calculating the separation is used to determine the flow rate for the cyclone diameter which was also used for determining the separation. The flow rate is then divided into the total flow for a specific application to determine the number of units necessary. Since the flow rate given in Figure 16 is for water rather than slurry, it should be mentioned that slurry normally increases the capacity of a cyclone over that shown for water; however, for preliminary estimates this factor can be neglected. This will result in th e number of cyclones calculated being slightly higher than those actually needed. Approximately 20% to 25% standby cyclones are recommended for operational as well as maintenance flexibility. The vortex finder size and inlet area of a cyclone also have an effect on the volumetric flow rate that a given cyclone can handle. Larger vortex finders or inlet areas would increase the capacity, whereas smaller vortex finders or inlet areas would decrease the capacity. The shaded area in Figure 17 corresponding to each standard cyclone gives the approximate range of capacity for each cyclone. Figure : Pressure Drop V.s Volumetric Flow rate  [13]   Shown that an underflow density of 50% to 53% solids by volume is typical for primary grinding circuits, whereas an underflow density of 40% to 45% solids by volume is normal for regrind circuits. Therefore, an underflow density can be assumed which establishes the total flow rate that must report through each cyclone apex. Figure 17 shows the approximate flow rate for a given diameter apex orifice. Figure : Apex Capacity Diameter VS. Flow rate  [14]   Operational and Design Considerations One of the most important considerations is to insure that cyclones are installed properly. A detailed list of Dos and Donts is given in a later chapter. Feed Piping and Distribution A most important consideration for a given cyclone system is proper delivery of the slurry to the cyclone or cyclones. It has been found that a pipe size which produces a line velocity of 200 to 300cm/sec (7 to 10 ft/sec) is high enough to prevent particles from settling, even in horizontal sections, but low enough to minimize wear. Normally for a single cyclone installation the inlet pipe size of the manufacturers recommendation produces a velocity in this area. If the slurry is to be distributed to a number of cyclones operating in parallel, extreme care should be given to the design of the distribution system, and a radial type of manifold is recommended. This is a system where the cyclones are fed from a central circular chamber. When properly designed the central chamber becomes a mixing area and the line velocity should be lowered to approximately 60 to 90 cm/sec (2 to 3 ft/sec). This will help insure that each cyclone is fed with the same slurry concentration as well as the sa me particle size distribution and also will reduce wear rates. Using the radial manifold also makes it easier to install standby cyclones. Should an inline type manifold be utilized, the cyclones do not receive good distribution. It is typical that the high mass particles or coarser particles tend to pass the first cyclones and report to the final cyclone. This results in the last cyclone receiving a higher feed concentration of coarser particles, which accelerates the wear of the last cyclone as well as produces a coarser separation due to the higher feed density. Also, the last cyclone, once shut off, becomes difficult to restart because the solids will tend to pack into the feed pipe. For applications where the separation is not critical or one in which the feed concentration is extremely low, an inline manifold is acceptable and is much less expensive than the radial type. Pressure Drop Calculation As mentioned earlier, the pressure drop across a cyclone is measured by taking the difference between the feed pressure and the overflow pressure. If the overflow is discharged at near atmospheric pressure as recommended, the feed pressure is the same as the pressure drop. Cyclone selection provides the pressure drop required, and for pump calculations this must be converted to meters of slurry which can then be added to the static and friction heads to determine the total dynamic head for the pump. Equation 7 is used for conversion of pressure drop to meters of slurry. Where M = Meters, slurry. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  P = Pressure drop, kPa. G = Sp gr of slurry. As stated, it is recommended that both the overflow and underflow products be discharged at atmospheric pressure. Should the overflow be discharged against a positive head, some of the fluid which normally reports to the overflow is forced to report to the underflow. This does not have a major effect on classification but does increase the amount of bypass solids and reduces underflow density. Should the overflow be discharged at a point lower than the feed entrance, a possible siphon can be established which would cause a breakdown in classification and could bring larger particles into the overflow. A large siphon effect could actually dislodge a worn liner which in turn would plug the overflow piping. Siphons can be prevented by installing a vent pipe on the overflow piping of each cyclone. The underflow should also be discharged at or near atmospheric pressure. Should the underflow be discharged at a negative pressure, the effect would be similar to a positive pressure at the cyc lone overflow. If the underflow is discharged against a positive pressure, the amount of flow is reduced and a larger apex must be selected in order to insure that the SUMP/PUMP Design Another chapter covers the selection and sizing of slurry pumps and should be consulted for more detailed information concerning sump/pump design. Specifically regarding cyclone applications, the feed slurry being delivered to a cyclone should be as steady as possible with regard to both volumetric flow rate and slurry density. Unsteady feed conditions such as severe pump surging or extreme variations in slurry density are very detrimental to good cyclone performance. In general, a sump/pump system for a cyclone application should have a sump with as much depth as possible and a minimum cross-sectional area consistent with the pump manufacturers recommended retention time. A sump of this design will normally eliminate pump surging by allowing small variations in sump level well above the minimum pump suction level. The small cross-sectional area will reduce the buildup of solids in the bottom of the sump and help prevent large sections of the settled solids to slough into the pump su ction and plug either the cyclone feed line or the cyclone apex. Therefore, a tall sump with a small crosssectional area provides much smoother operation. Apex Discharge Pattern An Important part of cyclone operation is being able to observe the type of pattern that the cyclone apex is producing. An apex operating at atmospheric pressure should produce a cone shaped discharge with an angle of 20O to 30O and a hollow center. If the cyclone consistently produces a high angle cone spray, the apex orifice should be reduced in size to maximize the slurry density being discharged. On the other hand, should the cone spray be void of the hollow center and resemble a rope, then the apex is too small and oversize material may be reporting to the cyclone overflow. In this case, a larger apex orifice should be installed. CHAPTER 3: DESIGN VARIABLES, HYDROCYCLONE GEOMETRY Hydrocyclone Inlet Design Hydrocyclones designed prior to 1950 featured outer wall tangential feed entry and 12-15 mm thick rubber liners. This design was not adequate for fine separations or for abrasive slurry applications. Most hydrocyclone manufacturers have redesigned their inlets to include some form of involutes, ramped or scrolled feed style and all of these provide a measured advantage in hydrocyclone performance compared to earlier tangential designs. Figure 18 illustrates the various types of hydrocyclone feed entries. The inlet opening or cross-sectional area of the orifice feeding into the cylindrical section of the inlet has an effect on capacity as well as D50, and most hydrocyclone models have several options to increase or decrease this area based on the desired flow rates and cutpoint. In general, the larger inlet area, the higher the hydrocyclone capacity and the larger predicted D50. Cylinder Section Typically hydrocyclones have a cylinder section length equal to the hydrocyclone diameter. This can be a separate section or integral to the inlet head. Figure 19 illustrates a hydrocyclone without a cylinder section plus hydrocyclones with a single and double cylinder. While the longer cylinder section provided greater residence time and thus more capacity, it also reduces the tangential velocity. The added cylinder length results in minimal improvement in hydrocyclone separation and will increase hydrocyclone capacity at the same pressure by 8-10%. Larger 660-840mm diameter hydrocyclones typically have shorter cylinder sections. Figure : Hydrocyclone Inlet Styles  [15]   Figure : Hydrocyclone Cylinder Length  [16]   Cone Section Figure 20 illustrates the different hydrocyclone cone angles that are used in different applications. The 20-degree cones ha

Uae ; Cultural Differences

List of Abbreviations GDPGross Domestic Product MASMasculinity PDIPower Distance Index UAEUnited Arab Emirates UAIUncertainty Avoidance Index UKUnited Kingdom Table Of Contents I. – List of Abreviations II. – Introduction2 III. – The United Arab Emirates2 III. 1 – History2 III. 2 – Economy4 IV. – Important values for a successful business in the UAE5 V. – Culture7 V. 1 – Cultural differences at the national level7 V. 2 – Cultural differences at the organizational level10 VI. – Kuhne + Nagel12VII. – List of References14 II. – Introduction In the current business environment, in times of globalization, financial crisis and terror, there is a growing consciousness about difficulties that can occur when different cultures collide. These difficulties especially need to be regarded when wanting to expand a business internationally or wanting to enter a foreign market. In this paper the United Arab Emirates is analyzed with focus on critical information for operating a business there.This paper will take into account the history, the cultural aspects as well as differences, the business development and opportunities based on an example of the German logistics company Kuhne & Nagel, which is doing business in the UAE since the 70`s. III. – The United Arab Emirates III. 1 – History The Palm islands, The World, the Burj al Arab and the Burj Dubai and other superlatives come to our mind when thinking about the United Arab Emirates, but they only represent the timeframe since the 1990’s. The UAE was founded in 1971.To really understand the UAE and its culture it is important to take a look at the history and the developments before the foundation and the oil. About 1500 years ago the people in the Arabic region were living in tribes, their lives were dictated by the harsh natural conditions and pearl fishing was the prevalent dedication[1]. The community was very import ant within the tribes and a deep social family structure was established. [2] At that time the Islamic Belief was introduced to the gulf region and is therefore deeply rooted in the history and its culture. 3] As trade and piracy rose in the 18th and 19th century the area became known as the Pirate Coast until the British navy launched several attacks on the pirate strongholds to secure the trade. [4] This lead to the signing of 3 truce treaties in total, including the final treaty in 1892, which made them become the â€Å"Trucial States† and preventing them from entering into relationships with any other country but the United Kingdom (UK) as well as disposing territory to anyone besides the UK, in return for coastal protection and support in case attack of land[5].The first discovery of oil in 1958[6] in Abu Dhabi, which led to many more, was very fortunate as the region, which relied heavily on pearl fishing, saw the pearl market collapse between the First and Second World War. [7] The discovery of oil and the hence evolving wealth had a strong influence on the further development of the area. When the British first announced their intention of withdrawing from the Arabian Gulf by the end of 1971, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi immediately wanted to establish closer relationships between the Arabic states. 8] He and Sheikh Rashid of Dubai, became the initiators towards an union of Arabic Emirates, including the Trucial States, Bahrain and Qatar. [9] Since no agreement could be reached between the nine and Qatar and Bahrain became independent, the rulers of Abu Dhabi and Dubai, Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid, decided to form a union between their emirates and later on present its constitution to the other 5 emirates with the offer to join. [10] One day after the Britsh-Trucial Sheikdoms Treaty expired, the United Arab Emirates were founded on December 2nd, 1971.Four emirates joined immediately and Ra’s al-Kaihmah followed on Feb uary 10th, 1972. [11] Since its foundation the UAE has experienced an incredible growth and has managed to go from one of the least developed countries, to achieving an income level comparable to that of the industrialized nations in less than 30 years. [12] The oil revenues of course have contributed in a major way to the modern development and prosperity, but also political stability as well as the leadership by Sheikh Zayed were very influential. 13] The sheikh, who was born around 1918 and raised under poor circumstances, wanted his people to benefit from the country’s resources, while making sure that the people are aware of their roots and that the country’s history and culture are kept. [14] Through his efforts the Arabian culture has been preserved and passed on to the following generation.He was very popular not only within the nation but also in Europe and the US due to his pro-western mentality. 15] His open-mindness also had a big effect on the UAE and enab led it to become one of the most liberal and pluralistic countries in the Gulf region, with its now massively multicultural population. [16] When he died in 2004 his oldest son HH Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan became the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the UAE. [17] III. 2 – Economy Since the oil was discovered the oil sector was the main contributor to the GDP of the UAE. [18] However the country has steadily tried to reduce its dependability of oil and to diversify its economy. 19] The oil revenues were at first reinvested in to healthcare, education and the national infrastructure to raise the standard of living and pave the way for a sustainable economic development. [20] In 1985 the first free zone of the UAE was opened. In the Jebel Ali Free Zone no taxes had to be paid and foreign companies could establish subsidiaries without a domestic partner. [21] The concept of the free zone became very popular in the region and was the first step towards being an attract ive location for subsidiaries of companies that want to open up the Middle Eastern market.Today more than 850 companies have registered in the Jebel Ali Free Zone and almost 6,000 companies from over 110 countries conduct business there. [22] All in all more than 10,000 companies are registered in one of the 15 free trade zones in the UAE. [23] Due to the geographical location of the UAE in the Middle East and between the markets in the east, whose importance to the western companies has been steadily rising, and Western Europe the United Arab Emirates has become the hub for the complete Middle East, India, Afirca and the Commonwealth of Independent States. 24] This development is especially explicit in Dubai, which has evolved with over 140 scheduled fairs into one of the top locations for international trade shows and multilateral negotiations. [25]Due to the booming construction industry and tourism after 20 years of budget deficit there has been a balance surplus since 2005. [26 ] The GDP in 2007 grew by 7,5% to 192,6 billion US$. 27] The United Arab Emirates now has one of the most diversified economies in the gulf region and managed to lower its dependence on the oil industry to a GDP-contribution below one third, as sectors like manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, tourism, construction and real estate increased their share. [28] IV. – Important values for a successful business in the UAE To successfully operate a business in the UAE it is mandatory that certain basic values of the Arabian culture are known and respected. [29] One has to aware of his own culture and depart from the wrong and right thinking of rong or right and better or worse when it comes to cultures, as cultures are just different without any judgement. [30]First of all one needs to be aware that time is seen in a totally different way in the Arab world and is not considered to be an issue. Business meetings and negotiations take longer, people are not as punctual and dead lines are often not met. [31] Since personal relations are of highest importance for a successful business it is crucial, when first entering into business relations with people from the United Arab Emirates, to establish a trustworthy and respectful relation, much like a friendship. 32] The first face-to-face meetings are commonly time absorbing and used to become acquainted with the prospective counterpart. [33] Impatience or anger because of the often lengthy process should not be expressed as it would be conceived as rude and disrespectful possibly leading frustration of the business relations. [34] Business meetings generally take longer in the Arab world as at the beginning time is usually spent on inquiries on the well-being of the family members. [35] A strong effect on the business practices has the religious faith.The working hours are for example interrupted for praying[36] and during the holy month of Ramadan overall business slows down in the Arabian area. [37] In norma l business practice the religion also comes into play, inasmuch as some decisions are left to â€Å"fate†. [38] Therefore negotiations might end with the term â€Å"Insh'allah† – â€Å"if God wills†, which underlines the strong belief that the course of events cannot be controlled by the individual meaning that the decision will be made by god and not by them. [39] One of the highest values in the Arabian culture is the belonging to groups, especially the family. 40] Family matters are of higher significance than business[41] and interruptions of e. g. business meetings due to family and personal matters are no exception and should not be misinterpreted as rude.[42] Since age also plays a significant role in the Arabian culture, greater respect must always be shown to the more elderly person, by e. g. greeting the most senior person in a meeting first. [43] Often age and status has a greater influence on the career of an Arab than the actual personal achi evements. 44] The interaction with women is not always straightforward and therefore the behavior of the Arabs in the situation should be adopted in terms of how to greet a woman for example. [45] When negotiating and also in normal interactions with Arabian counterparts the concept of saving face needs to always be kept in mind.Criticism should not be expressed publicly and one should avoid to put anyone in a uncomfortable situation, since it could result in loosing face which seriously harms the person’s and his family’s reputation. 46] Dignity and respect are key elements in Arabian culture and saving face, through the use of compromise, patience and self-control is a means by which these values are maintained. [47] Since confrontation and conflicts are to be avoided in the Arabian culture business communication is done differently. Arabia has been identified by Edward T. Hall as a high context region where one has to read between the lines in contrast to Germany wi th a low context country where explicit words have specific meanings[48].A yes for example may mean a perhaps as the Arabs often communicate indirectly through body language or other forms of non-verbal communication like eye-contact or facial cues rather than communicating directly through words. [49] As, one should be aware of the so called â€Å"High Context Communication†[50] and try to carefully observe his counterpart during a conversation and always pay attention to the way the complete message is conveyed. [51] Management in the UAE is mostly done through centralized decision making and tall hierarchies. 52] Employees in the UAE expect to receive clear instructions and orders from their superiors, rather than having the freedom and the responsibility to manage their own work. [53] Due authority being an element of the Arabian culture, the orders are normally obeyed and only rarely questioned. [54] V. – Culture V. 1 – Cultural differences at the national level The biggest difference between the German culture and the culture in the United Arab Emirates obviously is the religion. Religion in Germany exists and is practiced, but not in an extent comparable to the United Arab Emirates.The culture in the UAE can be defined as the Arabian Culture as it is mostly the same in all Arab nations with some local differences and is mainly influenced by their history and even more their religion. [55] Arabs living in the United Arab Emirates are almost all Muslims and believe that the Islam is not only a religion but a way of living. [56] Their God Allah controls their entire life and even the law called Sharia is partly build on the Holy Koran. Praying five times a day as well as drinking no alcoholic drinks, eating no pork and fasting during the holy month of Ramadan is usual Islamic behavior. 57] Where as in the UAE religion dictates to a large extent the life of the people, in Germany to the contrary, religion is practiced as well, but itâ⠂¬â„¢s done in a considerably more relaxed way. [58] The most popular religion in Germany is Christianity, but Islam, Judaism and Buddhism are among other practiced as well. [59] Even though a majority of the Germans consider themselves as Christian, it has only minor effects on their lives. [60]. The way people eat, dress or behave is rather set by themselves and their parental education than by their religion.The Christian calendar defines the national holidays like Christmas and Easter and the day of rest being Sunday. The festivities of Christmas and Easter are celebrated in most of the Christian families, but on the normal every day life religion has almost no effect, compared to the United Arab Emirates. [61] The calendar in the UAE is also influenced by the religion, as the Muslim New Year is around February and March and Ramadan in October. [62] Even the weeks are separated differently, since Friday is the day of rest and either Thursday or Saturday is given off respectively to form the weekend. 63] The Islam also has influence on the way Emiratis have to dress. Women have to wear the traditional abaya, which is a garment that covers their whole body with exception of the feet, hands and face. They might even have to cover up totally, depending on how strictly the husband practices his religion. [64] Men are required to wear a white cotton thobe at with a guthra covering the head. [65]Leaving aside the religious influence on the people in the UAE, Arabs are very conservative as it is. Emotions and feelings towards each other are not openly expressed in public, as they generally try not to attract any attention. 66] This behavior and urge for privacy can also be found in the way the houses are built, as a lot of space between buildings and thick walls are preferred and used to clearly keep the family inside and leave the rest out. [67] The family in the interior is of highest importance to the Arabs and stands over everything. Family members are very lo yal and close to each other, which has originated from the past. [68] Traditionally the father is the head and leader who provides the family with what is needed for living. [69] Although nowadays the situation s slowly changing and women gain e. g. opportunities in regards of education and are not as underprivileged anymore, the role of the woman still predominantly includes taking care of the children and the house as well as being the center for love and emotional support. [70] Additionally women are still treated differently by the law.[71] German family members also live closely together and parents are very caring for their children, but at the same time statistically every third German marriage fails and commonly children have to grow up in different homes. 72] Generally men and women are more equal in Germany in terms of the law as well as in terms of family. The man is not the predetermined head of the family, as the power is more or less equally divided between the father and the mother. [73] The role of the father as the sole provider is slowly diminishing as more and more women work and have careers even though men yet have to get used to the concept of staying at home to take care and raise the children. [74] Similarities in the development towards equality can be seen in both countries, although Germany seems to be a little bit further than the UAE.Like the family, the community is also of high importance to the Arabs. Relatives, friends and neighbors always support each other in every life situation, while one cares for each other and the community. They are usually very patient and open to compromises, as conflicts or embarrassment are avoided. [75] Criticism is not openly expresses because they do not want anyone to feel inconvenient or harm their dignity, because it could lead to someone loosing his face. [76] To â€Å"keep face† is very important and if someone lost face there would be a strong impact on the family’s reputation . 77] Guests are also always taken care of very generously, since the Arabs are known for their hospitality.[78] Such a strong community cannot be found in Germany, where the people are more independent and concerned of their own good. [79] Germans behave very differently and are a lot more individualistic. People are primarily concerned about themselves and secondly about others. [80] There is no concept of â€Å"keeping face† and therefore conflicts are common, issues are openly addressed and discussed. Germans can be emotional and loud publicly unlike the people living in the Arab world. 81] Their openness for new things is also more distinct and attracting and standing in the middle of attention is not regarded as improper behavior in contrast to the conservative Arabs. [82] Another big difference is the outwards appearance of the people in Germany to the people in the UAE since there is neither a predefined kind of clothing nor any limit to the individualism due to the c onstantly changing fashion trends and styles. [83] V. 2 – Cultural differences at the organizational level To show the differences between the two cultures of Germany and the UAE at the organizational level Hofstede’s analysis is a good instrument to apply.The Dutch professor and influential author Gerard Hendrik Hofstede performed from 1968 to 1972 a survey among 116,000 IBM employees about their preferences in management style and working conditions. [84] Through his study he demonstrated that the behaviour of societies and organizations are affected by national and regional cultural groupings. Out of the results Hofstede identified the four dimensions called Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism and Masculinity/Femininity among which the different groups can be differentiated. 85] The first dimension Power Distance is defined as the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept unequal distribution of powe r. [86] In the Arab world, which includes the UAE, a high Power Distance Index of 80 points has been recorded, meaning that people tend to follow orders without hesitation and organizations have a rather steep hierarchy. It can also be said that there are a lot of laws, rules and regulations that have to be followed to reduce the amount of uncertainty.87] The Power Distance Index in Germany is considerably lower than in Arabia with 35 points. Hence Germans have fewer superiors and their orders are more likely to be question than it would be the case in Arabia. Subsequently unequal distribution of power is not unconditionally accepted, the organizational structures are much flatter and decentralized decision making is common applied. [88] The Uncertainty Avoidance Index describes the level of discomfort people feel in insecure situations and the beliefs and means like organizations and institutions that were developed to reduce the uncertainty. 89] In this dimension the UAE and Germa ny are almost at the same level. [90] Both countries have adopted and implemented strict rules, laws, policies, and regulations to avoid those uncertain situations. A high need for security, structured activities and a strong belief in the knowledge of experts mutually applies as well. [91] The way of conducting business though differs, since the Arabian way is affected by their religious belief. They believe their time is controlled by Allah and that they have no influence it.Long talks with lots of coffee and tea are very common in a business meeting and should not be refused, whereas Germans certainly belief that they control their time themselves and are usually on tight schedules and have fixed dates which they administrate. [92] Germans are even famous for creating appointment schedules and seemingly never missing them too. The third dimension is the Collectivism and Individualism (IDV) respectively. This dimension displays whether people rather take care of themselves or othe r people around. [93] The Arabs have a very low IDV score of 38 points compared to the world average of 64 points.This makes the UAE a collectivistic country, where a strong relationship to the member group is very important. That is e. g. the family offering life-long protection and loyalty, which is prior to all other rules. [94] This translated into business as most jobs and promotions are obtained due to age and family status. In Germany to the contrary the IDV score of 67 is relatively high and above the world average, meaning that it is an individualistic country. People rather take care of themselves in stead of others and e. g. job promotions are based on one’s own efforts and market value rather than the family background. 95] In the last dimension the Masculinity Index (MAS) shows the people’s preference for â€Å"masculine† values like competitiveness, authority and materialism.[96] The MAS of 53 in the Arab World is slightly above the average of 50,2 , but still 13 points lower than in Germany, which means that Arabians prefer both â€Å"masculine† and â€Å"feminine† values. [97] They like authority and materialism, while valuing quality of life and relationships at the same time. Germans are mostly â€Å"masculine† in this respect and value especially competition, power and high salaries. 98] Considering the results of Hofstede’s analysis it can be said that religion and tradition have a great influence on the way business is done in the UAE and that there is a fast differences to the Germany, which can not be neglected when doing business. VI. – Kuhne + Nagel Kuhne + Nagel is a German logistics company, which was founded in 1890 in Bremen by August Kuehne and Friedrich Nagel.[99] Since then it has evolved from a traditional international freight forwarder to a globally leading transportation and logistics provider offering integrated supply chain solutions. 100] The company today has 850 off ices in  over 100 countries with more than 54,000 employees. [101] Their concept of helping to turn the customer’s logistic challenges into a competitive advantage through superior service and integrated end-to-end supply chain management solutions has been successful and still is. [102] Kuhne + Nagel has entered the market of the United Arab Emirates in 1977[103], when an office was established in Dubai. [104] For internationally operating logistic companies a global network of representations is very important in order to guarantee a smooth transit of goods.That way in case of any problems the local office can cope with it and is familiar with standards and processes at that location. Like in most Arab countries, a subsidiary can only be established with a domestic sponsor or partner. [105] Therefore the office in Dubai was not owned by majority by Kuhne + Nagel and there was not a lot of business actually taking place in the UAE, but an increasing number of goods passed through, thus the office was at first mainly used for project support. [106] Kuhne + Nagel also moved their office to the Jebel Ali Free Zone and could thus conduct their business independently.With the increasing business activities in the UAE, the branch office in Dubai gained in importance as well. In 2008 there were 120 employees in three Dubai offices, which makes Kuhne + Nagel the 7th biggest German employer in Dubai. [107] Since the company had already established many offices in other countries they are experienced in dealing with different cultures and mentalities. They have always been aware of the cultural differences between e. g. Germany and the United Arab Emirates and paid attention and adjusted to them.As Germans though they enjoyed good reputation and made only positive experiences in making business with the Arabian people as long as they were treated respectfully. [108] With the hotel industry booming, Kuhne + Nagel introduced in 2001 an innovative product contain ing a tailor-made logistics solutions associated with the construction and furnishing of hotel and tourist facilities. Apart from warehousing, the service portfolio further includes the entire management of suppliers and transport. [109] In 2005 this service was even deepened as firstly introduced to the hotels in the UAE by Kuhne +Nagel, which includes supplying amenities to hotels on a regular basis. [110] Kuehne + Nagel is responsible for the entire supply chain, including order management and procurement. Due to its great acceptance the global availability of this service followed in 2006. [111] The general trend towards becoming the â€Å"hub† of the Middle East, makes the location Dubai logistically even more important. [112] The success of Kuhne + Nagel in the UAE is also displayed through the plans of the company to expand its logistic infrastructure as part of the Dubai Logistics City adding about 52,000 m2 to its existing facilities in the Jebel Ali Free Zone. 113]T his new logistic centre will allow the company to optimally provide all the markets in the Middle East and meet the increasing storage requirements of many companies due to the relocating of their stock to the Middle East rather than supplying the area from Europe or Asia in order to reduce their costs and delivery time. [114] VII.